Archive for December 2016

This is the facade of

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This is the facade of 



A) Durham Cathedral
B) Reims Cathedral
C) Chartres Cathedral
D) Speyer Cathedral










Answer: C

This is a plan of the

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This is a plan of the 




A) Friday mosque at Isfahan
B) Great Mosque of Cordoba
C) Mosque of Selim II
D) Umayyad Mosque of Damascus









Answer: A

Which of the following is NOT true about this work?

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Which of the following is NOT true about this work?




A) It is an icon created during the 6th century CE.
B) It was painted on wood with encaustic.
C) It originates from a monastery at the foot of Mt. Sinai in Egypt.
D) It is an example of an aniconic work produced after the Iconoclastic period.








Answer: D


A work that is "historiated" is a work that

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A work that is "historiated" is a work that



A) uses figures to tell stories
B) reuses art from earlier monuments
C) painted so that it looks aged
D) incorporates text or an inscription





Answer: A

This plan is that of

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This plan is that of 



A) St. Etienne at Caen
B) Chartres Cathedral
C) Durham Cathedral
D) St. Sernin at Toulouse










Answer: C

This work is a/an

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This work is a/an




A) fresco
B) illuminated manuscript
C) embroidery
D) bas relief








Answer: C

This folio is

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This folio is 




A) Umayyad
B) Abbasid
C) Safavid
D) Mamluk








Answer: B

This is the plan of

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This is the plan of




A) Hagia Sophia
B) Santa Costanza
C) San Vitale in Ravenna
D) Old St. Peter's








Answer: C

This is a page from the

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This is a page from the



A) Book of Lindisfarne
B) Vienna Genesis
C) Rossano Gospels
D) Shahnama for Shah Tahmasp










Answer: B

This mosaic is

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This mosaic is




A) Early Christian
B) Early Byzantine
C) Hiberno-Saxon
D) Romanesque











Answer: B

This folio is

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This folio is




A) Umayyad
B) Abbasid
C) Mamluk
D) Safavid










Answer: D

What is gene annotation in bioinformatics?

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What is gene annotation in bioinformatics? 






A) finding transcriptional start and stop sites, RNA splice sites, and ESTs
B) describing the functions of protein-coding genes
C) describing the functions of noncoding regions of the genome
D) matching the corresponding phenotypes of different species
E) comparing the protein sequences within a single phylum





Answer: A

A microarray known as a GeneChip, with most now-known human protein coding sequences, has been developed to aid in the study of human cancer by first comparing two to three subsets of cancer subtypes. What kind of information might be gleaned from this GeneChip to aid in cancer prevention?

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A microarray known as a GeneChip, with most now-known human protein coding sequences, has been developed to aid in the study of human cancer by first comparing two to three subsets of cancer subtypes. What kind of information might be gleaned from this GeneChip to aid in cancer prevention? 







A) information about whether or not a patient has this type of cancer prior to treatment
B) evidence that might suggest how best to treat a person's cancer with chemotherapy
C) data that could alert patients to what kind of cancer they were likely to acquire
D) information about which parent might have provided a patient with cancer-causing genes
E) information on cancer epidemiology in the United States or elsewhere






Answer: C

Bioinformatics can be used to scan sequences for probable genes looking for start and stop sites for transcription and for translation, for probable splice sites, and for sequences known to be found in other known genes. Such sequences containing these elements are called

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Bioinformatics can be used to scan sequences for probable genes looking for start and stop sites for transcription and for translation, for probable splice sites, and for sequences known to be found in other known genes. Such sequences containing these elements are called 





A) expressed sequence tags.
B) cDNA.
C) multigene families.
D) proteomes.
E) short tandem repeats.





Answer: A

What is proteomics?

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What is proteomics? 





A) the linkage of each gene to a particular protein
B) the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome
C) the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein
D) the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein
E) the study of how a single gene activates many proteins






Answer: B

What is bioinformatics?

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What is bioinformatics? 





A) a technique using 3-D images of genes in order to predict how and when they will be expressed
B) a method that uses very large national and international databases to access and work with sequence information
C) a software program available from NIH to design genes
D) a series of search programs that allow a student to identify who in the world is trying to sequence a given species
E) a procedure that uses software to order DNA sequences in a variety of comparable ways






Answer: B

Which procedure is not required when the shotgun approach to sequencing is modified as sequencing by synthesis, in which many small fragments are sequenced simultaneously?

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Which procedure is not required when the shotgun approach to sequencing is modified as sequencing by synthesis, in which many small fragments are sequenced simultaneously? 






A) use of restriction enzymes
B) sequencing each fragment
C) cloning each fragment into a plasmid
D) ordering the sequences
E) PCR amplification







Answer: C

What is metagenomics?

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What is metagenomics? 





A) genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genus
B) the sequence of one or two representative genes from several species
C) the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineage
D) sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem
E) genomics as applied to an entire phylum







Answer: D

The biggest problem with the shotgun technique is its tendency to underestimate the size of the genome. Which of the following might best account for this?

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The biggest problem with the shotgun technique is its tendency to underestimate the size of the genome. Which of the following might best account for this? 







A) skipping some of the clones to be sequenced
B) missing some of the overlapping regions of the clones
C) counting some of the overlapping regions of the clones twice
D) having some of the clones die during the experiment and therefore not be represented
E) missing some duplicated sequences







Answer: E

Which of the following most correctly describes a shotgun technique for sequencing a genome?

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Which of the following most correctly describes a shotgun technique for sequencing a genome? 






A) genetic mapping followed immediately by sequencing
B) physical mapping followed immediately by sequencing
C) cloning large genome fragments into very large vectors such as YACs, followed by sequencing
D) cloning several sizes of fragments into various size vectors, ordering the clones, and then sequencing them
E) cloning the whole genome directly, from one end to the other







Answer: D

How is a physical map of the genome of an organism achieved?

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How is a physical map of the genome of an organism achieved? 






A) using recombination frequency
B) using very high-powered microscopy
C) using restriction enzyme cutting sites
D) using sequencing of nucleotides
E) using DNA fingerprinting via electrophoresis







Answer: C

What is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map?

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What is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map? 






A) For a linkage map, markers are spaced by recombination frequency, whereas for a physical map they are spaced by numbers of base pairs (bp).
B) For a physical map, the ATCG order and sequence must be achieved; however, it does not for the linkage map.
C) For a linkage map, it is shown how each gene is linked to every other gene.
D) For a physical map, the distances must be calculable in units such as nanometers.
E) There is no difference between the two except in the type of pictorial representation.







Answer: A

For mapping studies of genomes, most of which were far along before 2000, the three-stage method was often used. Which of the following is the usual order in which the stages were performed, assuming some overlap of the three?

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For mapping studies of genomes, most of which were far along before 2000, the three-stage method was often used. Which of the following is the usual order in which the stages were performed, assuming some overlap of the three? 





A) genetic map, sequencing of fragments, physical map
B) linkage map, physical map, sequencing of fragments
C) sequencing of entire genome, physical map, genetic map
D) cytogenetic linkage, sequencing, physical map
E) physical map, linkage map, sequencing







Answer: B

Expression of a cloned eukaryotic gene in a bacterial cell involves many challenges. The use of mRNA and reverse transcriptase is part of a strategy to solve the problem of

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Expression of a cloned eukaryotic gene in a bacterial cell involves many challenges. The use of mRNA and reverse transcriptase is part of a strategy to solve the problem of 





A) post-transcriptional processing.
B) electroporation.
C) post-translational processing.
D) nucleic acid hybridization.
E) restriction fragment ligation.






Answer: A

Which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material?

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Which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material? 






A) It could be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction.
B) It could be used to create a complete genomic library.
C) It was produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase.
D) It could be used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain.
E) It lacks the introns of the human genes.






Answer: B

In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to

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In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to 






A) the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments.
B) the sticky end of a DNA fragment.
C) a SNP marker.
D) a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell.
E) a DNA probe used to identify a particular gene.








Answer: D

DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?

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DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present? 






A) production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism
B) production of microbes that can metabolize toxins
C) introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes
D) prenatal identification of genetic disease alleles
E) genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles






Answer: C

A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing?

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A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing? 






A) RFLP analysis
B) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
C) electroporation
D) gel electrophoresis
E) Southern blotting






Answer: B

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

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Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because 







A) plant genes do not contain introns.
B) more vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells.
C) a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant.
D) genes can be inserted into plant cells by microinjection.
E) plant cells have larger nuclei.






Answer: C

Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?

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Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? 






A) restriction enzyme?analysis of RFLPs
B) DNA ligase?cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments
C) DNA polymerase?polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA
D) reverse transcriptase?production of cDNA from mRNA
E) electrophoresis?separation of DNA fragments






Answer: B

Pharmacogenetics is an increasingly important discipline that uses genetic information to tailor the prescription of drug treatments to individuals. In the case of chemotherapy for breast cancer, for example, different patients need and/or respond to different treatments.

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Pharmacogenetics is an increasingly important discipline that uses genetic information to tailor the prescription of drug treatments to individuals. In the case of chemotherapy for breast cancer, for example, different patients need and/or respond to different treatments. 



Patients whose tumors are HER-2 positive respond to herceptin whereas other patients do not. Patients whose tumors have estrogen receptors will be best served if 

A) their estrogen receptors are blocked by using RNAi.
B) their estrogen release is activated and/or elevated.
C) the estrogen receptors are blocked by other molecules that can use the same receptors.
D) they are given herceptin as well as estrogen.
E) they are given a complete hysterectomy.


Answer: C


Breast tumor biopsy specimens can be typed for a number of gene expression patterns. Together, these can provide risk analysis for the likely aggressive growth and metastasis of the tumor. How can this most help the physician and patient? A) Some patients want to know as much as possible. 

B) This can help them to decide whether and what kind of chemotherapy is warranted.
C) This can help them decide whether the tumor should be removed.
D) Some physicians may use the information to decide what to do, but not tell the patient.
E) This can help to aggregate health statistics.


Answer: B

CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia) results from a translocation between human chromosomes 9 and 22. The resulting chromosome 22 is significantly shorter than usual, and it is known as a Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome. The junction at the site of the translocation causes overexpression of a thymine kinase receptor. A new drug (Gleevec or imatinib) has been found to inhibit the disease if the patient is treated early.

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CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia) results from a translocation between human chromosomes 9 and 22. The resulting chromosome 22 is significantly shorter than usual, and it is known as a Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome. The junction at the site of the translocation causes overexpression of a thymine kinase receptor. A new drug (Gleevec or imatinib) has been found to inhibit the disease if the patient is treated early. 




Which of the following would be a reasonably efficient technique for confirming the diagnosis of CML? 

A) searching for the number of telomeric sequences on chromosome 22
B) looking for a Ph' chromosome in a peripheral blood smear
C) enzyme assay for thymine kinase activity
D) FISH study to determine the chromosomal location of all chromosome 22 fragments
E) identification of the disease phenotype in review of the patient's records


Answer: D


Why would Gleevec most probably cause remission of the disease? A) It reverses the chromosomal translocation. 

B) It eliminates the Ph' chromosome.
C) It removes Ph'-containing progenitor cells.
D) The drug inhibits the replication of the affected chromosome.
E) The drug inhibits the specific thymine kinase receptor.


Answer: E


One possible use of transgenic plants is in the production of human proteins, such as vaccines. Which of the following is a possible hindrance that must be overcome? 

A) prevention of transmission of plant allergens to the vaccine recipients
B) prevention of vaccine-containing plants being consumed by insects
C) use of plant cells to translate non-plant-derived mRNA
D) inability of the human digestive system to accept plant-derived protein
E) the need to cook all such plants before consuming them


Answer: A

A group of six students has taken samples of their own cheek cells, purified the DNA, and used a restriction enzyme known to cut at zero, one, or two sites in a particular gene of interest.

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A group of six students has taken samples of their own cheek cells, purified the DNA, and used a restriction enzyme known to cut at zero, one, or two sites in a particular gene of interest. 



Why might they be conducting such an experiment? 

A) to find the location of this gene in the human genome
B) to prepare to isolate the chromosome on which the gene of interest is found
C) to find which of the students has which alleles
D) to collect population data that can be used to assess natural selection
E) to collect population data that can be used to study genetic drift


Answer: C


Their next two steps, in order, should be A) use of a fluorescent probe for the gene sequence, then electrophoresis. 

B) electrophoresis of the fragments followed by autoradiography.
C) electrophoresis of the fragments, followed by the use of a probe.
D) use of a ligase that will anneal the pieces, followed by Southern blotting.
E) use of reverse transcriptase to make cDNA, followed by electrophoresis.


Answer: C


Analysis of the data obtained shows that two students each have two fragments, two students each have three fragments, and two students each have one only. What does this demonstrate? 

A) Each pair of students has a different gene for this function.
B) The two students who have two fragments have one restriction site in this region.
C) The two students who have two fragments have two restriction sites within this gene.
D) The students with three fragments are said to have "fragile sites."
E) Each of these students is heterozygous for this gene.


Answer: B

A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase, and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and nutrient broth without antibiotics.

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A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase, and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and nutrient broth without antibiotics. 



Bacteria that contain the plasmid, but not the eukaryotic gene, would grow 

A) in the nutrient broth plus ampicillin, but not in the broth containing tetracycline.
B) only in the broth containing both antibiotics.
C) in the broth containing tetracycline, but not in the broth containing ampicillin.
D) in all four types of broth.
E) in the nutrient broth without antibiotics only.


Answer: D


Bacteria containing a plasmid into which the eukaryotic gene has integrated would grow in 

A) the nutrient broth only.
B) the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth only.
C) the nutrient broth, the ampicillin broth, and the tetracycline broth.
D) all four types of broth.
E) the ampicillin broth and the nutrient broth.


Answer: E


Bacteria that do not take up any plasmids would grow on which media? 

A) the nutrient broth only
B) the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth
C) the nutrient broth and the ampicillin broth
D) the tetracycline broth and the ampicillin broth
E) all three broths


Answer: A

As genetic technology makes testing for a wide variety of genotypes possible, which of the following is likely to be an increasingly troublesome issue?

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As genetic technology makes testing for a wide variety of genotypes possible, which of the following is likely to be an increasingly troublesome issue? 





A) use of genotype information to provide positive identification of criminals
B) using technology to identify genes that cause criminal behaviors
C) the need to legislate for the protection of the privacy of genetic information
D) discrimination against certain racial groups because of major genetic differences
E) alteration of human phenotypes to prevent early disease







Answer: C

Which of the following is one of the technical reasons why gene therapy is problematic?

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Which of the following is one of the technical reasons why gene therapy is problematic? 






A) Most cells with an engineered gene do not produce gene product.
B) Most cells with engineered genes overwhelm other cells in a tissue.
C) Cells with transferred genes are unlikely to replicate.
D) Transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity.
E) mRNA from transferred genes cannot be translated.







Answer: D

One successful form of gene therapy has involved delivery of an allele for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) to bone marrow cells of a child with SCID, and delivery of these engineered cells back to the bone marrow of the affected child. What is one major reason for the success of this procedure as opposed to many other efforts at gene therapy?

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One successful form of gene therapy has involved delivery of an allele for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) to bone marrow cells of a child with SCID, and delivery of these engineered cells back to the bone marrow of the affected child. What is one major reason for the success of this procedure as opposed to many other efforts at gene therapy? 





A) The engineered bone marrow cells from this patient can be used for any other SCID patient.
B) The ADA-introduced allele causes all other ADA-negative cells to die.
C) The engineered cells, when reintroduced into the patient, find their way back to the bone marrow.
D) No vector is required to introduce the allele into ADA-negative cells.
E) The immune system fails to recognize cells with the variant gene.






Answer: C

Scientists developed a set of guidelines to address the safety of DNA technology. Which of the following is one of the adopted safety measures?

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Scientists developed a set of guidelines to address the safety of DNA technology. Which of the following is one of the adopted safety measures? 





A) Microorganisms used in recombinant DNA experiments are genetically crippled to ensure that they cannot survive outside of the laboratory.
B) Genetically modified organisms are not allowed to be part of our food supply.
C) Transgenic plants are engineered so that the plant genes cannot hybridize.
D) Experiments involving HIV or other potentially dangerous viruses have been banned.
E) Recombinant plasmids cannot be replicated.






Answer: A

Genetically engineered plants

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Genetically engineered plants 






A) are more difficult to engineer than animals.
B) include a transgenic rice plant that can help prevent vitamin A deficiency.
C) are being rapidly developed, but traditional plant breeding programs are still the only method used to develop new plants.
D) are able to fix nitrogen themselves.
E) are banned throughout the world.







Answer: B

Genetic engineering is being used by the pharmaceutical industry. Which of the following is not currently one of the uses?

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Genetic engineering is being used by the pharmaceutical industry. Which of the following is not currently one of the uses? 






A) production of human insulin
B) production of human growth hormone
C) production of tissue plasminogen activator
D) genetic modification of plants to produce vaccines
E) creation of products that will remove poisons from the human body






Answer: E

Let us suppose that someone is successful at producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) for replacement of pancreatic insulin-producing cells for people with type 1 diabetes. Which of the following could still be problems? I. the possibility that, once introduced into the patient, the iPS cells produce nonpancreatic cells II. the failure of the iPS cells to take up residence in the pancreas III. the inability of the iPS cells to respond to appropriate regulatory signals

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Let us suppose that someone is successful at producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) for replacement of pancreatic insulin-producing cells for people with type 1 diabetes. Which of the following could still be problems?
I. the possibility that, once introduced into the patient, the iPS cells produce nonpancreatic cells
II. the failure of the iPS cells to take up residence in the pancreas
III. the inability of the iPS cells to respond to appropriate regulatory signals 




A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) all of them







Answer: E

In recent times, it has been shown that adult cells can be induced to become pluripotent stem cells (iPS). In order to make this conversion, what has been done to the adult cells?

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In recent times, it has been shown that adult cells can be induced to become pluripotent stem cells (iPS). In order to make this conversion, what has been done to the adult cells? 





A) A retrovirus is used to introduce four specific regulatory genes.
B) The adult stem cells must be fused with embryonic cells.
C) Cytoplasm from embryonic cells is injected into the adult cells.
D) An adenovirus vector is used to transfer embryonic gene products into adult cells.
E) The nucleus of an embryonic cell is used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell.






Answer: A

The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why?

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The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why? 





A) The environment, as well as genetics, affects phenotypic variation.
B) Fur color genes in cats are influenced by differential acetylation patterns.
C) Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation
D) X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns.
E) The telomeres of the parent's chromosomes were shorter than those of an embryo.






Answer: D

In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?

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In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning? 






A) Reproductive cloning uses totipotent cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not.
B) Reproductive cloning uses embryonic stem cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not.
C) Therapeutic cloning uses nuclei of adult cells transplanted into enucleated nonfertilized eggs.
D) Therapeutic cloning supplies cells for repair of diseased or injured organs.







Answer: D

A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following is a likely finding?

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A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following is a likely finding? 






A) The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation.
B) Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts.
C) The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays.
D) The nonstem cells have fewer repressed genes.
E) The nonstem cells have lost the promoters for more genes.





Answer: A

Which of the following is true of embryonic stem cells but not of adult stem cells?

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Which of the following is true of embryonic stem cells but not of adult stem cells? 





A) They can differentiate into many cell types.
B) They make up the majority of cells of the tissue from which they are derived.
C) They can continue to replicate for an indefinite period.
D) They can provide enormous amounts of information about the process of gene regulation.
E) One aim of using them is to provide cells for repair of diseased tissue.





Answer: B

Reproductive cloning of human embryos is generally considered unethical. However, on the subject of therapeutic cloning there is a wider divergence of opinion. Which of the following is a likely explanation?

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Reproductive cloning of human embryos is generally considered unethical. However, on the subject of therapeutic cloning there is a wider divergence of opinion. Which of the following is a likely explanation? 






A) Use of adult stem cells is likely to produce more cell types than use of embryonic stem cells.
B) Cloning to produce embryonic stem cells may lead to great medical benefits for many.
C) Cloning to produce stem cells relies on a different initial procedure than reproductive cloning.
D) A clone that lives until the blastocyst stage does not yet have human DNA.
E) No embryos would be destroyed in the process of therapeutic cloning.





Answer: B

Which of the following problems with animal cloning might result in premature death of the clones?

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Which of the following problems with animal cloning might result in premature death of the clones? 






A) use of pluripotent instead of totipotent stem cells
B) use of nuclear DNA as well as mtDNA
C) abnormal regulation due to variant methylation
D) the indefinite replication of totipotent stem cells
E) abnormal immune function due to bone marrow dysfunction







Answer: C

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?

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In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?





A) use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe
B) replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow
C) separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe
D) fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate
E) isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent






Answer: D

For a particular microarray assay (DNA chip), cDNA has been made from the mRNAs of a dozen patients' breast tumor biopsies. The researchers will be looking for

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For a particular microarray assay (DNA chip), cDNA has been made from the mRNAs of a dozen patients' breast tumor biopsies. The researchers will be looking for 






A) a particular gene that is amplified in all or most of the patient samples.
B) a pattern of fluorescence that indicates which cells are overproliferating.
C) a pattern shared among some or all of the samples that indicates gene expression differing from control samples.
D) a group of cDNAs that act differently from those on the rest of the grid.
E) a group of cDNAs that match those in non-breast cancer control samples from the same population.





Answer: C

In large scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, correlation is sought between

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In large scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, correlation is sought between 





A) lengthy sequences that might be shared by most members of a population.
B) single nucleotide polymorphisms found only in persons with a particular disorder.
C) single nucleotide polymorphisms found in families with a particular introns sequence.
D) single nucleotide polymorphisms in two or more adjacent genes.
E) large inversions that displace the centromere.





Answer: B

Silencing of selected genes is often done using RNA interference (RNAi). Which of the following questions would not be answered with this process?

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Silencing of selected genes is often done using RNA interference (RNAi). Which of the following questions would not be answered with this process? 





A) What is the function of gene 432 in this species of annelid?
B) What will happen in this insect's digestion if gene 173 is not able to be translated?
C) Is gene HA292 responsible for this disorder in humans?
D) Will the disabling of this gene in Drosophila and in a mouse cause similar results?
E) Is the gene on Drosophila chromosome 2L at this locus responsible for part of its production of nitrogen waste?







Answer: C

A researcher has used in vitro mutagenesis to mutate a cloned gene and then has reinserted this into a cell. In order to have the mutated sequence disable the function of the gene, what must then occur?

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A researcher has used in vitro mutagenesis to mutate a cloned gene and then has reinserted this into a cell. In order to have the mutated sequence disable the function of the gene, what must then occur?






A) recombination resulting in replacement of the wild type with the mutated gene
B) use of a microarray to verify continued expression of the original gene
C) replication of the cloned gene using a bacterial plasmid
D) transcription of the cloned gene using a BAC
E) attachment of the mutated gene to an existing mRNA to be translated






Answer: A

RNAi methodology uses double-stranded pieces of RNA to trigger a breakdown or blocking of mRNA. For which of the following might it more possibly be useful?

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RNAi methodology uses double-stranded pieces of RNA to trigger a breakdown or blocking of mRNA. For which of the following might it more possibly be useful? 





A) to raise the rate of production of a needed digestive enzyme
B) to decrease the production from a harmful gain-of-function mutated gene
C) to destroy an unwanted allele in a homozygous individual
D) to form a knockout organism that will not pass the deleted sequence to its progeny
E) to raise the concentration of a desired protein





Answer: B

DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they

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DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they 




A) can be used to eliminate the function of any gene in the genome.
B) can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells.
C) allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once.
D) allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time.
E) dramatically enhance the efficiency of restriction enzymes.







Answer: C

DNA fragments from a gel are transferred to a nitrocellulose paper during the procedure called Southern blotting. What is the purpose of transferring the DNA from a gel to a nitrocellulose paper?

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DNA fragments from a gel are transferred to a nitrocellulose paper during the procedure called Southern blotting. What is the purpose of transferring the DNA from a gel to a nitrocellulose paper? 






A) to attach the DNA fragments to a permanent substrate
B) to separate the two complementary DNA strands
C) to transfer only the DNA that is of interest
D) to prepare the DNA for digestion with restriction enzymes
E) to separate out the PCRs








Answer: A

Which of the following modifications is least likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis?

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Which of the following modifications is least likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis? 






A) altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment
B) methylating the cytosine bases within the DNA fragment
C) increasing the length of the DNA fragment
D) decreasing the length of the DNA fragment
E) neutralizing the negative charges within the DNA fragment







Answer: A
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