Pharmacogenetics is an increasingly important discipline that uses genetic information to tailor the prescription of drug treatments to individuals. In the case of chemotherapy for breast cancer, for example, different patients need and/or respond to different treatments.
Patients whose tumors are HER-2 positive respond to herceptin whereas other patients do not. Patients whose tumors have estrogen receptors will be best served if
A) their estrogen receptors are blocked by using RNAi.B) their estrogen release is activated and/or elevated.
C) the estrogen receptors are blocked by other molecules that can use the same receptors.
D) they are given herceptin as well as estrogen.
E) they are given a complete hysterectomy.
Answer: C
Breast tumor biopsy specimens can be typed for a number of gene expression patterns. Together, these can provide risk analysis for the likely aggressive growth and metastasis of the tumor. How can this most help the physician and patient? A) Some patients want to know as much as possible.
B) This can help them to decide whether and what kind of chemotherapy is warranted.C) This can help them decide whether the tumor should be removed.
D) Some physicians may use the information to decide what to do, but not tell the patient.
E) This can help to aggregate health statistics.
Answer: B
Learn More :
Biology
- What is gene annotation in bioinformatics?
- A microarray known as a GeneChip, with most now-known human protein coding sequences, has been developed to aid in the study of human cancer by first comparing two to three subsets of cancer subtypes. What kind of information might be gleaned from this GeneChip to aid in cancer prevention?
- Bioinformatics can be used to scan sequences for probable genes looking for start and stop sites for transcription and for translation, for probable splice sites, and for sequences known to be found in other known genes. Such sequences containing these elements are called
- What is proteomics?
- What is bioinformatics?
- Which procedure is not required when the shotgun approach to sequencing is modified as sequencing by synthesis, in which many small fragments are sequenced simultaneously?
- What is metagenomics?
- The biggest problem with the shotgun technique is its tendency to underestimate the size of the genome. Which of the following might best account for this?
- Which of the following most correctly describes a shotgun technique for sequencing a genome?
- How is a physical map of the genome of an organism achieved?
- What is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map?
- For mapping studies of genomes, most of which were far along before 2000, the three-stage method was often used. Which of the following is the usual order in which the stages were performed, assuming some overlap of the three?
- Which of the following sequences in double-stranded DNA is most likely to be recognized as a cutting site for a restriction enzyme?
- Expression of a cloned eukaryotic gene in a bacterial cell involves many challenges. The use of mRNA and reverse transcriptase is part of a strategy to solve the problem of
- Which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material?
- In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to
- DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?
- A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing?
- Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because
- Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?
- CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia) results from a translocation between human chromosomes 9 and 22. The resulting chromosome 22 is significantly shorter than usual, and it is known as a Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome. The junction at the site of the translocation causes overexpression of a thymine kinase receptor. A new drug (Gleevec or imatinib) has been found to inhibit the disease if the patient is treated early.
- A group of six students has taken samples of their own cheek cells, purified the DNA, and used a restriction enzyme known to cut at zero, one, or two sites in a particular gene of interest.
- A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase, and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and nutrient broth without antibiotics.
- As genetic technology makes testing for a wide variety of genotypes possible, which of the following is likely to be an increasingly troublesome issue?
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what is pharmacogenetic testing
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